Targeted therapy is a specialized approach to cancer treatment that focuses on identifying and attacking specific molecules or pathways involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which affects both cancerous and healthy cells, targeted therapy drugs are designed to selectively target cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal cells. Targeted therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by offering more precise and effective treatment options with fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. It is particularly beneficial for cancers with well-defined molecular targets, such as certain types of breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and leukemia. However, targeted therapy is not effective for all cancer types or patients, and tumors may develop resistance to these treatments over time. Ongoing research aims to identify new molecular targets, develop novel targeted therapy drugs, and overcome resistance mechanisms to improve outcomes for cancer patients.