Radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, is a common and highly effective treatment option for many types of cancer. It utilizes high-energy radiation beams to target and destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Radiation therapy can be delivered externally, where a machine outside the body directs radiation beams towards the tumor (external beam radiation therapy), or internally, where radioactive materials are placed near or inside the tumor (brachytherapy). Radiation therapy may be used as the primary treatment for certain types of cancer, such as localized prostate cancer or early-stage breast cancer. It can also be used in combination with other treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy, to enhance treatment outcomes. While radiation therapy is generally well-tolerated, it can cause side effects such as fatigue, skin irritation, nausea, and changes in bowel or bladder habits, depending on the area being treated. However, advances in technology and treatment planning have helped minimize side effects and improve the precision of radiation therapy delivery. Overall, radiation therapy plays a crucial role in cancer treatment, offering patients a chance for cure, symptom relief, and improved quality of life. It is an integral part of multidisciplinary cancer care and is tailored to each patient’s specific needs and treatment goals.